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  • Patellar InstabilityPatellar Instability

    Any damage to the supporting ligaments may cause the patella to slip out of the groove either partially (subluxation) or completely (dislocation). This misalignment can damage the underlying soft structures such as muscles and ligaments that hold the kneecap in place.

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  • Multiligament InstabilityMultiligament Instability

    The knee is a complex joint of the body that is vital for movement. The four major ligaments of the knee are anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL). They play an important role in maintaining the stability of the knee.

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  • Patellofemoral InstabilityPatellofemoral Instability

    Patellofemoral instability means that the patella (kneecap) moves out of its normal pattern of alignment. This malalignment can damage the underlying soft structures such as muscles and ligaments that hold the knee in place. 

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  • Posterolateral InstabilityPosterolateral Instability

    Posterolateral instability, also known as posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI), is a common pattern of knee instability that results from injuries to the structures that support the outside of the knee joint, the posterolateral corner.

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  • Knee ArthritisKnee Arthritis

    The joint surface is covered by a smooth articular surface that allows pain-free movement in the joint. Arthritis is a general term covering numerous conditions where the joint surface or cartilage wears out. This surface can wear out for several reasons; often the definite cause is not known. Arthritis often affects the knee joint.

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  • Knee OsteoarthritisKnee Osteoarthritis

    Osteoarthritis also called degenerative joint disease, is the most common form of arthritis. It occurs most often in older people. This disease affects the tissue covering the ends of bones in a joint (cartilage).

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  • Knee InjuryKnee Injury

    Pain, swelling, and stiffness are the common symptoms of any damage or injury to the knee. If care is not taken during the initial phases of injury, it may lead to joint damage, which may end up destroying your knee.

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  • Knee PainKnee Pain

    Knee pain is a common condition affecting individuals of various age groups. It not only affects movement but also impacts your quality of life. An injury or disease of the knee joint or any structure surrounding the knee can result in knee pain.

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  • Anterior Knee PainAnterior Knee Pain

    Anterior knee pain is characterized by chronic pain over the front and center of the knee joint. It is common in athletes, active adolescents (especially girls) and overweight individuals.

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  • Meniscal TearsMeniscal Tears

    A meniscal tear is a common knee injury in athletes, especially those involved in contact sports. A sudden bend or twist in your knee causes the meniscus to tear. Elderly people are more prone to degenerative meniscal tears as the cartilage wears out and weakens with age.

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  • Runner's KneeRunners Knee

    Patellofemoral pain syndrome also called runner’s knee refers to pain under and around your kneecap. Patellofemoral pain is associated with a number of medical conditions such as anterior knee pain syndrome, patellofemoral malalignment, and chondromalacia patella.

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  • Jumper's KneeJumper's Knee

    Jumper’s knee, also known as patellar tendinitis, is inflammation of the patellar tendon that connects your kneecap (patella) to your shinbone. This tendon helps in the extension of the lower leg.

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  • Unstable KneeUnstable Knee

    The knee joint is one of the largest joints in the body. This highly complex joint has several tissues supporting and stabilizing its movement

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  • Knee SprainKnee Sprain

    Knee sprain is a common injury that occurs from overstretching of the ligaments that support the knee joint. A knee sprain occurs when the knee ligaments are twisted or turned beyond its normal range, causing the ligaments to tear.

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  • MCL SprainsMCL Sprains

    MCL sprains occur due to a sudden impact from the outside of your knee, most commonly while playing sports such as rugby and football. Rarely, the MCL can get injured when the knee gets twisted or following a quick change in direction.

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  • ACL TearsACL Tears

    The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the major ligaments of the knee.

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  • MCL TearsMCL Tears

    The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is the ligament located on the inner part of the knee joint. It runs from the femur (thighbone) to the top of the tibia (shinbone) and helps in stabilizing the knee. 

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  • Meniscal InjuriesMeniscal Injuries

    Meniscal tears are one of the most common injuries to the knee joint. It can occur at any age but are more common in athletes involved in contact sports. The meniscus has no direct blood supply and for that reason, when there is an injury to the meniscus, healing is difficult.

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  • PCL InjuriesPCL Injuries

    PCL injuries are very rare and more difficult to detect than other knee ligament injuries. Cartilage injuries, bone bruises, and ligament injuries often occur in combination with PCL injuries.

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  • Ligament InjuriesLigament Injuries

    Knee problems may arise if any of these structures get injured by overuse or suddenly during sports activities. Pain, swelling, and stiffness are the common symptoms of any damage or injury to the knee.

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  • Knee FractureKnee Fracture

    A fracture is a condition in which there is a break in the continuity of the bone.  In younger individuals, these fractures are caused by high energy injuries, as from a motor vehicle accident. In older people, the most common cause is a weak and fragile bone.

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  • Fractures of the TibiaFractures of the Tibia

    Fractures of the tibia vary depending on the force involved and are classified based on the location of the fracture, the pattern of the fracture, and exposure of the fracture site.

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  • Patella FracturePatella Fracture

    The kneecap or patella forms a part of the knee joint. It is present at the front of the knee, protecting the knee and providing attachment to various muscle groups of the thigh and leg. The undersurface of the kneecap and the lower end of the femur are coated with articular cartilage, which helps in smooth movement of the knee joint. A fracture in the kneecap is rare but common in adult males.

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  • Tibial Shaft FractureTibial Shaft Fracture

    A tibial shaft fracture is a crack or break in the middle section of the tibia bone due to severe trauma.

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  • Kneecap BursitisKneecap Bursitis

    Bursitis refers to the inflammation and swelling of the bursa. Inflammation of the bursa in front of the kneecap (patella) is known as kneecap bursitis or prepatellar bursitis.

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  • Chondral or Articular Cartilage DefectsChondral or Articular Cartilage Defects

    The articular or hyaline cartilage is the tissue lining the surface of the two bones in the knee joint. Cartilage helps the bones move smoothly against each other and can withstand the weight of your body during activities such as running and jumping.

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  • Quadriceps Tendon RuptureQuadriceps Tendon Rupture

    The quadriceps can rupture after a fall, direct blow to the leg and when you land on your leg awkwardly from a jump. Quadriceps tendon rupture most commonly occurs in middle-aged people who participate in sports that involve jumping and running.

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  • Patellar Tendon RupturePatellar Tendon Rupture

    The patellar tendon works together with the quadriceps muscle and the quadriceps tendon to allow your knee to straighten out. Patella tendon rupture is the rupture of the tendon that connects the patella (kneecap) to the top portion of the tibia (shinbone). 

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  • Lateral Meniscus SyndromeLateral Meniscus Syndrome

    Lateral meniscus syndrome is characterized by an injury caused by the tearing of the cartilage tissue or a rare case of a congenital abnormality called a discoid meniscus, which results in knee pain.

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  • Osteonecrosis of the KneeOsteonecrosis of the Knee

    Osteonecrosis of the knee is most commonly seen in the medial femoral condyle, a projection of the lower end of the femur (thigh bone) present towards the inner side of the knee.

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  • Knee Angular DeformitiesKnee Angular Deformities

    Angular deformities of the knee are variations in the normal growth pattern during early childhood and are common during childhood.

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  • Osteochondral Defect of the KneeOsteochondral Defect of the Knee

    An osteochondral defect, also commonly known as osteochondritis dissecans, of the knee refers to a damage or injury to the smooth articular cartilage surrounding the knee joint and the bone underneath the cartilage.

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  • Articular Cartilage InjuryArticular Cartilage Injury

    Articular or hyaline cartilage is the tissue lining the surface of the two bones in the knee joint.  Cartilage helps the bones move smoothly against each other and can withstand the weight of the body during activities such as running and jumping.

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  • Goosefoot Bursitis of the KneeGoosefoot Bursitis of the Knee

    A bursa is a small fluid-filled sac found between soft tissues and bones. It lubricates and acts as a cushion, decreasing the friction between bones when they move. Bursitis refers to the inflammation and swelling of the bursa. Goosefoot bursitis or pes anserine bursitis is the inflammation of the bursa present between the tendons of the hamstring muscle and the tibia (shinbone) on the inner side of the knee.

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  • Iliotibial Band SyndromeIliotibial Band Syndrome

    Iliotibial band syndrome is an overuse injury resulting from the inflammation of the iliotibial band. It occurs when the iliotibial band and the lower outside portion of the thighbone at the knee joint rub against each other.

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  • Bowed LegsBowed Legs

    Bowed leg is a bony deformity resulting in outward curvature of one or both knees of the lower legs. It is commonly seen in toddlers and overweight adolescents.

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  • Recurrent Patella DislocationRecurrent Patella Dislocation

    Patellar dislocation occurs when the kneecap slides out of the trochlea. When dislocation of the patella occurs on more than one occasion, it is referred to as recurrent patellar dislocation. The risk of further dislocation increases to almost 70% to 80% after two episodes of dislocation.

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  • Osteochondritis Dissecans of the KneeOsteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee

    Osteochondritis dissecans is a joint condition in which a piece of cartilage, along with a thin layer of the bone separates from the end of the bone because of inadequate blood supply. The separated fragments are sometimes called “joint mice”.

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  • Chondromalacia PatellaChondromalacia Patella

    Chondromalacia patella is a common condition characterized by softening, weakening and damage of the cartilage. The condition is most often seen in young athletes and older adults who have arthritis of the knee. It especially occurs in women.

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  • Patellar TendinitisPatellar Tendinitis

    Patellar tendinitis, also known as "jumper's knee", is an inflammation of the patellar tendon that connects your kneecap (patella) to your shinbone. This tendon helps in extension of the lower leg.

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  • Knee Sports InjuriesKnee Sports Injuries

    Trauma is any injury caused during physical activity, motor vehicle accidents, electric shock, or other activities. Sports trauma or sports injuries refer to injuries caused while playing indoor or outdoor sports and exercising.

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  • Multiligament Knee InjuriesPosterolateral Instability

    Injury to more than one knee ligament is called a multiligament knee injury and may occur during sports or other physical activities.

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  • Women and ACL InjuriesWomen and ACL Injuries

    The anterior cruciate ligament is one of the four major ligaments of the knee that connects the femur (thigh bone) to the tibia (shin bone) and helps stabilize the knee joint.

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  • Medial Meniscus SyndromeMedial Meniscus Syndrome

    Of the menisci within the knee, it is the medial that is more easily injured.

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  • Tibial Plateau FracturePosterolateral Instability

    A tibial plateau fracture is a crack or break on the top surface of the tibia or shinbone in the knee joint. The fracture most often occurs following a high-intensity trauma or injury from the impaction of the femoral condyles over the tibial plateau.

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  • Tibial Eminence FracturesTibial Eminence Fractures

    A tibial eminence fracture is break or crack in the bony attachment of the ACL to the tibia. The fracture can be a contact or non-contact injury and occurs at the base of the tibial eminence.

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  • Loose Bodies in the KneeLoose Bodies in the Knee

    Loose bodies are fragments of detached cartilage or bone inside the knee joint. These fragments may be free floating (unstable) or may be trapped (stable) within the joint. Depending on the severity, you may have one or more loose bodies in your knee joint. 

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  • Osgood Schlatter DiseaseOsgood Schlatter Disease

    Osgood-Schlatter disease is a common knee problem seen in growing adolescents.

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  • Patellar Dislocation/Patellofemoral DislocationPatellar Dislocation/Patellofemoral Dislocation

    Patellar dislocation occurs when the patella moves out of the patellofemoral groove, (trochlea) onto the bony head of the femur. If the kneecap partially comes out of the groove, it is called subluxation; if the kneecap completely comes out, it is called dislocation (luxation).

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